List of Tables, Boxes and Appendices
Tables
1.1 Grid storage technologies compared
2.1 Energy Consumption Oxygen, Nitrogen
3.1 Requirements of a liquid air storage device
3.2 Key characteristics of a Cryogen set compared to incumbent technologies.
3.3 Key characteristics of a LA Energy Storage device compared to market requirements
3.4 Strengths and weaknesses of grid balancing technologies
3.5 Grid storage technologies compared
4.1 Relative importance of energy storage criteria to various vehicle types
4.2 The ability of liquid air to satisfy key energy storage criteria
4.3 How well does liquid air match the energy storage requirements of various vehicle types?
4.4 Vehicles’ suitability for liquid air / liquid nitrogen auxiliary power
5.1 Comparison of petrol, hydrogen and electrical storage systems in four leading vehicles
6.1 UK industrial Gas industry
6.2 Capital Costs at discount rates of 6% and 9%
6.3 Capital costs at load factors of 100% and 75%
6.4 Energy costs of liquid air production
6.5 Energy costs of liquid air production at finer electricity prices
6.6 Effective O&M costs per tonne of liquid air
6.7 Total liquid air production costs at 6% discount rate
6.8 Total liquid air production costs at 9% discount rate
6.9 Impact of reduced capital costs on total costs at 6% discount rate
6.10 Impact of reduced capital costs on total costs at 9% discount rate
6.11 Impact of reduced energy consumption for reduced capital cost scenario at 6% discount rate
6.12 Impact of reduced energy consumption for reduced capital cost scenario at 9% discount rate
6.13 Delivered cost of liquid nitrogen
6.14 Costs per kilometre of Dearman Engine car compared to ICE and EV
7.1 Comparison of several liquid air transport applications by technology and refuelling options
8.1 Supply chain evaluation of key components of liquid air energy storage systems
8.2 Assumed storage market and liquid air capacity
8.3 GDP and employment impact of LAES to 2050
8.4 NAIGT common research agenda summary.
9.1 Relative severity of cryogenic fluid hazards
9.2 Hazards and mitigation in transport applications
10.1 Assumed emissions factors
10.2 Emission factors in the DECC Grassroots scenario
10.3 Well-to-wheels emissions of various powertrains compared
10.4 Embedded emissions of various powertrains compared
10.5 Lifecycle emissions of various powertrains compared
10.6 DE heat hybrid emissions compared to diesel and biodiesel emissions
10.7 Annual CO2 emissions from refrigeration by diesel and liquid nitrogen compared
11.1 Potential energy security benefits of liquid air
Boxes
2.1 Liquid Air energy storage process
3.1 District Network Operators and Transmission Operators
Appendices
These Appendices can be found at liquidair.org.uk
Appendix 1 Highview Power Storage Technology and Performance Review
Appendix 2 Pöyry Management Consulting The different sources of flexibility and their relative merits
Appendix 3 Ricardo liquid nitrogen split cycle engine patent
Appendix 4 Material Safety Data Sheets